How Justification Help Us Act Immorally

            AARON HASS, Ph.D. 

        As we saw with the conservative columnist, our moral  judgment is tossed about by our needs and desires. We find ways to rationalize issues that are most personally difficult. So, too, our moral outrage picks and chooses its targets. We decide which subjects war-rant  our  focus  and define our sense of moral rectitude accordingly. However, we often deny our impulse to act morally by denying any personal responsibility to alleviate the suffering at hand. Our conscience is assuaged by our vague sense that others will provide assistance because the needs is so apparent.  If necessary to justify our inaction, we may go further and deny any urgency or deservedness in the first place.

        We all know there are children who go to bad hungry, impoverished, and diseased. Yet  we allow this suffering to continue while we pursue comparatively frivolous (and often expensive) goals. To an outside observer, we would seem indifferent, even cynical, about the misery of others. But to ourselves, we must maintain a self-perception of benevolence.

        So we cling to a belief in what psychologists call "the just World Hypothesis." In order to make sense of the environment  and avoid the anxiety-producing perception that the world operates on a random basis, we believe that people get what they deserve. I want to believe  that bad things happen to bad people and that, because I am basically a good person, misfortune will not befall me as it does to those less deserving. When we read about the rape of a woman in a parking lot we think, "She shouldn't walked alone to her car at night."

When someone else is hurt, it threatens us . We therefore believe that the hurt individual is a faulty person and deserves his misfortune. When anyone runs into difficulties because of his own irresponsibility or recklessness, it's up to the person to bail himself out. We say "we tend to believe that people that they deserve, that phrase provides a double does of justification for withholding help or sympathy to someone  who we say is unworthy of it in the first place.

We are particularly egregious in our misplaced attributions when w personally harm another and have no concern about making amends. It is in those situations that we dismiss  any consideration of our own malevolence and simply blame the victim.

When We Fail to Be Moral

AARON HASS, Ph.D.

Emotions can get in the way of doing what' right. There is a sardonic joke about a wealthy shopkeeper who is on his way home before the Sabbath arrives. Every week, he takes the same route, passes a blind beggar on a corner, and drops a few coins in the unfortunate's tin cup, This afternoon, however, he walks past the beggar without making any offering.

The beggar calls to him."Sir, you forgot to drop something in my cup,"

"I'm sorry. It was a bad week in the business," answers the shopkeeper.

 "So, because you had a bad week, I should suffer?"

I am firmly convinced that we would rather be generous, and forgiving, and compassionate, than stingy, selfish, begrudging, and insensitive. But we have all suffered deep disappointments, are en- slaved by our insecurities. We cheat when we feel weak or to prove our power and invincibility (which us merely a reflection of our sense of deep-seated impotence).

We act insensitively when we harbor the most self-doubt. When we are preoccupied with our self and our perceived shortcoming, we are precluded from  accurately  perceiving and responding to the needs of others. Conversely, when we are  happy and, as a result, not as self-absorbed, we are more generous with our empathy and assistance.

I read a recent article about the richest people in America (no one under three hundred millions was listed) and how many of them fail to make any charitable contributions. My guess is these are individuals who, despite their wealth, still retain a fundamental sense of deprivation. When I fell deprived, I lose touch with any sentiment of obligation beyond myself. I lose my ability to care about you. And, clearly , it is my perception of my portion in life, and not any objective measurement of, it that well determine my behavior . Re-gardless of my ability to reason morally, to know what's right , if I feel unfulfilled and frustrated, I won't act from my higher, giving self.

            So often, when we are unhappy, we have this amorphous feeling in our gut that the world has done us wrong, that life has dealt us a bad hand. When I feel this way, I righteously reject any claim coming from the outside. Not only do I owe others nothing, but I permit myself to act indecently to you because I feel as though life has acted indecently to me.

Why Do We Need God?

Why Do We Need God?

AARON HASS, Ph.D.

We Need God in Order to Do the Right Thing

We can do what’s right because we want to consider the consequences of our behavior for others so they will do likewise We can do what's right because of our sense of fairness. We can do What's right because we want to us. Or, we can do what's right because God tells us to.

Mostly, we believe we feel vulnerable, and because we crave order. I recently lectured to a group of divinity students about the many Holocaust survivors who, understandably, lost their faith as a result of what they witnessed and endured. During an interview for my book The Aftermath, one survivor told me. I have a big fight in my soul. I would say….. I don't know how to express myself….. I would say I don't really believe there is something like God.

"Well, then what can I say to that congregant?" I was earnestly asked. "If you want, you can give him the standard two minute explanation about how the Holocaust was perpetrated by man, not God, that God gave man free will and the potential to do good or evil, and the rest of how we attempt to reconcile God and cruelty. But more important is to point out the we don't do God any big favor by believing in Him. We believe in God because of what that belief does us. We choose God because He gives us hope and guidance.

Religion in most early cultures was relatively uninterested in moral behavior between individuals, Your fealty to a god took precedence over how you treated you neighbor. However, thirty two hundred years ago, divine law was given to Moses after he led the ancient Jews out of Egypt, and a new concept of devotion was born. Clearly, God's greatest emphases were justice, righteousness, and compassion, with particular concern for the poor and needy.

The Jewish people emphasized judgment but judgment focuses on behavior in this world as an end to itself. You weren't expected to act kindly and considerately because that would be your ticket to heaven. You were to act morally because God cared most about how you treated your fellow man. You and God were partners in creating a better world. An Eastern European spiritual leader of the nineteenth century taught: If someone comes to you for assistance and you say to him, "God will help you", you become a disloyal servant of God. You have to understand that God has sent you to aid the needy and not refer his back to God. Rabbi Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev told his followers: You can determine whether some one really loves God by seeing whether he or she loves other people. Both sages emphasized that we are enjoined to alleviate the suffering of our neighbors and make this world a better place for all.

Women Involment in Tourism

A Study of Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan

The article examines gender roles in tourism employment of Nepal Pokhara Sub Metropolis City. Women entry into business is a new phenomena. Women entry into business or entrepreneurship is a derived out as associate degree extension of their room activities primarily to three P’s Pickles, Powder and Pappead. With growing awareness concerning business and unfold of education among ladies over the amount ladies have started shifting kind P’s to three fashionable E’s, viz., Engineering, natural philosophy and Energy. They have excelled these activities. (Data collected from Tourism Information Centre, Pokhara shows those 11.70 percent women entrepreneurs are involved in tourism sector (year from 2041 to 2067, among 521 including hotel, restaurant, and travel and trekking and so on). This sector provides the information regarding to involvement of women in participate way in this sector. So this is highlight by providing the information of women worker directly in this field and analysis the women participation is more or less in the various businesses. The first considers the employment of women in tourism in Pokhara. The second examines the employment of women in selected tourism occupation in the established tourism sector. While tourism has provided both women and with greater occupational choices. Furthermore, in the formal sector, women may be paid less than men in similar qualifications and positions.

Pokhara, Because of its natural beauty close proximity with Himalayas and recreational potentialities, will develop into a major center with and important destination for international visitors. Since it is located only 200 kms west from Kathmandu, the majority of tourists first enter Kathmandu are found to visit Pokhara. The number of tourists visiting Pokhara is found to increase over the last 3 years. There are increased accommodation capacities as well as tourism infrastructure with compare to increase in tourists flow in Pokhara. So Pokhara will ply necessary role in extending the Length of stat of holiday makers in Asian country and reducing the business enterprise pressure on the Kathmandu.

Now ladies are a lot of of participation altogether spheres of activities. The actual fact remains that the citadels of excellence in educational, politics, administration, business and business not the exclusive right of men in Asian country. The overall agreement that's rising all told discussions relation to the development of women is that promotion of women entrepreneurs or employment should form and integral part of all development efforts The experience of the United States where the share of women owned enterprise is continuously on increases strengthens the view that future of small scale industries.  

Foreign Employment and Remittance in Nepal

Nepal's development expenditure is heavily financed by foreign aid and it has become an integral part of Nepal's political economy. Besides foreign aid, tourism sector has also remained one of the lucrative sectors for Nepal.  In spite   of   common   consensus within the government and development agencies that there is greater potential of the overseas migration as a safety value in the view of gloomy economic scenario, the remittance economy.

Migration is a major determining factor of Nepali economy which has suffered from prolonged conflict, political instability and unrest. The number of Nepalese going overseas in search of job alongside their income has been growing marginally. Similarly, a few migrants have been bringing in new technology and skill. Remittance income through formal banking alone is substantial and makes nearly 23.6% of Nepal's gross domestic product. As the economy continues to supper from decline in agriculture and industrial production, remittance is described as soon as it has prevented economy from virtual collapse.

It is a well known fact that our youths are migrating abroad for their livelihood. The percentage of households receiving remittance has increased from 31.9% in 2003/04 to 55.8% in 2010, with the annual average growth rate of 9.8% . It is not a surprising amount that Nepal's has received during that period as million of our youths are working in the countries of East Asia, South Asia and Middle East and nearly 1500 Nepalese youths are leave country daily to work for another country. 

income and other factors thereby causing hopeless plunges in savings & investment rates. Consumption to GDP that stood at 88.3% in FY 2000/01 has gone up to 93.3% by FY 2010/11. Moreover the Nepali economy is the manifestation of an acute disguised unemployment and subsistence farming with limited prospect. At that condition foreign aid continued to play a critical role over the years in sustaining the economy.

Savings, investment growth, consumption and income distribution are of cheap and stable source of foreign currencies, remittances are likely to stem investor panic when international reserves are taking downward trend or external debt is rising.

At present, remittance provides significant source of foreign exchange, finance imports increases national income and contributes to BOP. The contribution of remittance never be under estimated as it plays a significant role to improve livelihood of the receiving households. But some research paper have revealed that foreign employment has negative impact on the economy in long run as it does not give proper direction of country's economy rather helping to have status quo condition.

Objective of Advertising

Advertising trying to sell a product. But this is only an initial response to the question. Conventionally advertising is intended to promote the sale of a particular product or service. For this, advertisers have to inform people the product or service. But to inform is not the end goal of most of the advertisement. Experts say that if advertising is successful it result in a sale.

Advertisement appeal to people's emotion, particularly the emotional need for love and belonging, prestige and self-esteem. Manufacturers of luxury and fashion products, for example, frequently appeal to the desire for esteem and prestige. Makers of personal care product on the other hand often suggest that buying their product will enable consumer to experience love and acceptance. It is said that good advertising not only creates favorable condition for a product or service, but also molds rational need on the part of the consumer.

         Whatever might be the manner of appealing in advertising, the sole purpose people to buy a product or services. Without the success in guiding and controlling the buying behavior any advertising effort would be worthless, experts claim.

        Advertisement can be entertaining. In fact, special attempts are done these days to make commercial sufficiently entertaining so that the audiences will have attention to the advertisement. But to entertain is not the primary goal of an advertisement. In fact, entertaining through advertisement is only a means to an end. Some ads promote an institution, such as the Red Cross or the Nepalese Army. In such case their purpose is simply to improve the image of institution doing the advertisement. But sometimes such ads are aimed to encourage people to volunteer or donate money or services or to influence behavior.

   Social and Public service ads aim's to public good by creating awareness among the people. Sometimes the advertisement messages do not seek immediate response from the audience. Such advertisement are not prepared with the expectation that consumer would anything immediately upon reading or listening or watching the advertisement. Rather, its chief objective is to deliver information about the trademark. This awareness is aimed to create an impact in the future. In other words, some advertisements seek primarily to gain the audience attention or stimulate interest in hopes that purchase will follow.

         There is no set formula for setting objectives of ad and achieving the success. The manner of ad may differ from organization, from product to product, and from situation to situation. The objectives and strategies are determined by individual circumstances.

Human Resource Development Practice in Nepalese Business Organization

A Case Study of Manufacturing Enterprises in Pokhara 

Objective

The main objectives of this article are:

Ø To study the human resource development and its treatment in the Nepalese business organizations.

Ø To facilitate employee’s learning of job-related behavior, skills, knowledge and attitude in order to improve employee performance.

Ø To stay ahead of competition by obsessing with Total Quality Management (TQM).   

Ø To make their workforce better and different from others.

Ø To ensure the long term success in today’s dynamic business environment.

Ø To identify development opportunities provided for employees.

Ø To measure investment made on them.

Ø To examine consequences of providing such opportunities in an organization.

Summary and Conclusion

The study reveals that there's a scarcity of systematic approach towards human resource development in Nepalese organizations. Coaching is that the solely development chance provided for workers to develop their information, skills and talents each on-the-job and off-the-job coaching area unit created accessible to the staff. Employees opined that short-term training (2-4 weeks) does not keep much significance in skill enhancement. Informal inquiries with employees help to identify training needs. It is concluded that having 64 employees on average, the average annual investment in HRD is quite low in the organization i.e.Rs.8055 assigning low priority to human resource in organizations.

Improved performance, increased productivity, enhanced loyalty towards organization and increased motivation among employees are some of the positive consequences of providing development opportunities to employees and some of its negative consequences are demand for increment in salary, additional incentives and facilities, promotion and demonstration of over confidence in work and high employees turnover. Only around 1/3rd of employees are satisfied to some extent with the opportunity made available by the organization.

Additionally, some of the internal challenges to the Nepalese business are low productivity, recent production techniques, low effort at HRD, poor quality, weak social control ability, increasing pressure of organization and weak system. Taxation system, inadequate and irregular provide of water and electricity, increasing domestic, international competition, high inflation, lack of adequate funding, increasing setting regulation and lack of skillful workforce are the external challenges that will create threats to business organizations in future.

What is Advertising

The word 'advertising' in English is derived from the Latin word "adverteve" that mean to turn on attention. In traditional sense, advertising was believed attempting to persuade people to purchase a good or a service. For example, in early phase advertisement were most frequently announcements of goods on hand. Latter day marketers see advertising as a part of an overall promotional strategy.

           Evidence of advertising can be found in culture that existed thousand of year ago. In fact, the origin of advertising should be traced back to the beginning of commerce though it was primitive in form and practiced. Here we discuss the history of advertising in Nepal. The modern form of advertising is a borrowed concept in Nepal. Nepal being a rich country in tradition should have her own version of advertising culture but there are no publicly available studies on the evolution of ad in Nepal. The history and evolution of advertising in Nepal can be viewed between two period of time depending on the evolution of mass media in the country.

           Advertising can be understood from different perspective. First, it is a special type of communication process. It encompasses all the element of communication process. All the characteristics applied to any communication process are applied in case of advertising too. Second, it is associated with a special kind of mass media content called 'advertisement". Third, it is associated with a specific kind of profession: the profession of Advertising agencies. Moreover, it has become a discipline of knowledge.

       The advertising enterprise is inseparable part of our society. Advertising has been fairly institutionalized and become increasingly global phenomenon. Thousands of advertising agencies are therefore for helping to create and place advertisement in a variety of media. Advertising spending worldwide now exceeds billion per year. Ad message are targeted beyond the borders more than ever before. The growth of multinational corporation and falling trade barriers have encouraged corporation advertising their products globally.

        The rise of Advertising in contemporary society is associated with the rise of concept of marketing. Marketing has become an integral part of contemporary business. Just like other business almost every media house has looked to the marketing concept as a means to survival or improved profits. Recognizing the increasing importance of the marketing, media professional have already started to be heavily committed to marketing .It is to note that an effective marketing program blends all of the marketing mix element including advertising into a coordinated programs designed to achieve the company's marketing objectives.